The Influence of Environmental Protection Interventions On Human Security in Muhanga District in Rwanda
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53819/81018102t2549Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of environmental protection interventions on human security in Muhanga District in Rwanda. Though the government puts much effort into enhancing the living standards of citizens in the region, they face a huge kind of disaster which harm the surrounding environment. The study employed mixed methods, using both qualitative and quantitative approaches with a descriptive research design which was used. Questionnaire and interview guide, observation and focus group discussion were involved during data collection as the instruments of data collection. A target population of 14,464 individuals were used, with a sample size of 402 respondents selected using Yamane's formula. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 while qualitative data was thematically analyzed. The findings revealed that Training on soil management control was notably lacking, with 52.2% strongly disagreeing on receiving adequate training. The use of terraces for soil erosion prevention was also not widely adopted, with 63.8% strongly disagreeing. Conservation practices such as rainwater harvesting and tree planting showed mixed responses. While there was strong support for preventing deforestation (91.8% strongly agree), practices like rainwater conservation and dam construction faced significant opposition. Satisfaction with water tank availability was low, with 74.2% strongly disagreeing, and 67.9% of respondents faced challenges in accessing or maintaining water tanks. This paper indicates that there is a significant gap in environmental education, with 52.2% of respondents strongly disagreeing that they had received adequate training on soil management. Not only this it was noted that there is need for increased awareness and support for sustainable land management practices. This paper recommends that there should be development and implement comprehensive training programs focused on soil management, terrace construction, and sustainable agricultural practices.
Keywords: Environment, Environmental Protection, Influence, Intervention, Human Security
References
Alkire, S. (2003). A Conceptual Framework for Human Security. International Journal of human Security and Social Sciences, 2(15).
Alkire, S. (2022). Revising the global multidimensional poverty index: Empirical insights and robustness. Review of Income and Wealth, 68(5).
Barnett, J., & Adger, W. N. (2007). Climate change, human security and violent conflict. Political Geography, 26(6).
Bogardi, J., & Brauch, G.H. (2015). Water security: past, present and future of a controversial concept” en Pahl-Wostl, Claudia; Bhaduri, Anik y Joyeeta Gupta (eds.) Handbook on Water Security. Glos. Glos: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 13(6).
Brauch, U. (2022). High-power, high-brightness solid-state laser architectures and their characteristics. Applied Physics B, 128(3).
Cairney, P., & Jones, M. D. (2016). Kingdon’s multiple streams approach: What is the empirical impact of this universal theory? Policy Studies Journal, 44(1).
Canadian Institute of Governance (2011). Human Security: A Challenge to International Law? Global Governance, 11(2).
CHS (2003). Human Security-Protecting and empowering the people. Global Governance, 9(1).
Comprehensive Remote Sensing (2018). (2018). Remote sensing for wetland classification: A comprehensive review. GIScience & remote sensing, 55(5).
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2021). Sustainable land management and climate change adaptation. FAO.
Gleick, P. H. (1996). Basic water requirements for human activities: Meeting basic needs. Water International, 21(2).
Graham, J. P., & Polizzotto, M. L. (2013). Pit latrines and their impact on groundwater quality: A systematic review. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(5).
Hajdu, F., Granlund, S., Neves, D., Hochfeld, T., Amuakwa-Mensah, F., & Sandström, E. (2020). Cash transfers for sustainable rural livelihoods? Examining the long-term productive effects of the Child Support Grant in South Africa. World Development Perspectives, 19(3).
Hans, E. A. (2015). Clinical and radiologic disease in smokers with normal spirometry. JAMA internal medicine, 175(9).
Hattum, M. W. (2006). Southeast Asian sediments not from Asia: Provenance and geochronology of north Borneo sandstones. Geology, 34(7).
Herweg, N., Zahariadis, N., & Zohlnhöfer, R. (2018). The multiple streams framework: Foundations, refinements, and empirical applications. In C. Weible & P. Sabatier (Eds.), Theories of the Policy Process (4th ed., pp. 17–53). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Ilcan, S., & Rygiel, K. (2015). “Resiliency humanitarianism”: responsibilizing refugees through humanitarian emergency governance in the camp. International political sociology, 9(4).
Khagram, S., De Renzio, P., & Fung, A. (2013). Overview and synthesis: The political economy of fiscal transparency, participation, and accountability around the world. Open budgets: The political economy of transparency, participation, and accountability, 9(2).
Kingdon, J. W. (1984). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. Boston: Little, Brown.
Kingdon, J. W. (1995). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies (2nd ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
Knaggård, Å. (2015). The multiple streams framework and the problem broke. European Journal of Political Research, 54(3), 450–465. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12097
Lal, R. (2001). Soil degradation by erosion. Land Degradation & Development, 12(6).
Lal, R. (2019). Soil erosion and its impact on ecosystem services. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 74(1).
Liotta, P., David, A. Mouat, W., Kepner, J. M.&Lancaster, M. (2009). Environmental and Human Security. (P. L. etel, Ed.) NATO Science for Peace and Security Program, 5(9).
McCully, M. E. (2001). Niches for bacterial endophytes in crop plants: a plant biologist's view. Functional Plant Biology, 28(9).
Ministry of Infrastructure (2010). Updated Version of the National Human Settlement Policy in Rwanda, Kigali.
NISR, (2016), Rwanda Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey (EICV4), 2013-2014, Cross-Sectional Sample.
Saskia, S., (2015). Innovations in e-grocery and Logistics Solutions for Cities. Transportation Research Procedia, 12(7).
Nowak, D. J., Crane, D. E., & Stevens, J. C. (2006). Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 4(3-4).
Rawat, P., & Morris, J. C. (2016). Kingdon’s “Streams” model at thirty: Still relevant in the 21st century? Politics & Policy, 44(4).
Umar, A. M., & Wachiko, B. (2021). Tara Yamane (1967), Taro Yamane Method For Sample Size Calculation. The Survey Causes of Mathematics Anxiety Among Secondary School Students In Minna Metropolis. Mathematical Association Of Nigeria (Man), 46(1).
UN (2017). Human Security Now. New York: United Nations Commission on Human Security.
UN. (2018). The Millenium Development Goals Report. New York,USA: United Nations.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (1994). Human Development Report 1994: New dimensions of human security. New York: Oxford University Press.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). (2020). Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction 2020. UNDRR.
UNCED. (1992). An overview of the oceans in agenda 21 of the 1992 united nations conference on environment and development. Marine pollution bulletin, 25(1-4).
World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Global air quality guidelines: Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. WHO.
World Bank. (2019). Integrated approaches to land and air quality management. World Bank.
World Bank. (2019). Terracing and tree planting for sustainable watershed management. World Bank.
Zahariadis, N. (2007). The multiple streams framework: Structure, limitations, prospects. In P. A. Sabatier (Ed.), Theories of the Policy Process (2nd ed., pp. 65–92). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Zohlnhöfer, R., Herweg, N., & Huß, C. (2016). Bringing formal political institutions into the multiple streams framework: An analytical proposal for comparative policy analysis. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 18(3).
