A Moral Response to the Corruption of Individualism in Kenya Today
Abstract
This paper undertakes a critical review of a Moral Response to the Corruption of Individualism in Kenya. It is an attempt to investigate the challenge of individualism. Promotion of justice and peace in the world is part of the constitutive mission of the Church. In fulfilling this mission, the church challenges the oppressive structures in society. Research in Kenya reveals that the presence of individualism has affected the people in almost every aspect of life: families, community, governance, religion, land tenure, and access to natural resources. This has resulted into numerous consequences such as inter-ethnic conflicts, poverty, destruction of life and property, and environmental degradation. These factors slow down authentic development and impede the evolution of peoples towards greater socio-economic and spiritual well-being. The study found that the root cause to these challenges is individualism. Since authentic peace must be built upon the values of the dignity of every individual and of solidarity among the people, the study proposed a communitarian ethic as a possible cure to this challenge. This study is an advocacy for the promotion of values such as: justice, peace, human dignity, reconciliation, option for the poor, solidarity and similar. Basing on the Sacred Scriptures, Church tradition, African traditional values and experience, the study has provided numerous recommendations that may help in building a society that values a communitarian ethic. The recommendations invite the church, government, community, and every individual to take part in building a society harmonized by justice and peace.
Keywords: Church teachings, Corruption of Individualism, Kenya
References
“Communitarianism.” Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/communitarianism (Accessed 19.2.2021).
“Community Organization for Social Welfare,” retrieved from http://christcollegemsw.blogspot.com/2008/03/community-organisation-notes.html (accessed on 3.4.2021).
“Degradation,” retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/degradation (accessed on 12.2.2021).
“Family,” retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/family (accessed on 14.2.2021).
“Migration Trends,” retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/factbook-2015-6-en.pdf?expires=1620983845&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=D72F10EBF8FE9910 DA8F50AD3AEEC5D (accessed on 14.5.2021).
“Natural resources,” retrieved from https://www.yourdictionary.com/natural-resource (accessed on 14.5.2021).
“Policy” retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/policy (accessed on 29.3.2021).
“Poverty,” retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/poverty.asp (accessed on 14.2.2021).
“Reconciliation.” http://www.merriam_webster.com/dictionary/reconciliation (Accessed 30 March 2021).
“Semi-Arid climate,” retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b d&q=K%C3%B6ppen+climate+classification+ (accessed 15.2.2021).
“Slavery” retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/slavery (accessed on 18.5.2021).
“The National Land Policy,” retrieved from http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC163862/ (accessed 13.2.2121).
Adler, Mortimer J. (ed.), Great Books of the Western World, Vol. 44, Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2007.
Avineri, S. and De-Shalit, Avner, Communitarianism and Individualism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Barden, Garrett. & Murphy Timothy, “Law and Justice in Community,” retrieved from https//www.researchgate.net/publication/263385968_Ethics_Politics_and_Types_of_Justce (accessed on 26.4.2020).
Bedijo, Samuel, The Moral Problem Posed by Individualism in the Church in East Africa: A Case Study in Nebbi Catholic Diocese in North-Western Uganda, Sankt Ottilien: EOS Verlag, 2015.
Bellah, Robert et al., Habits of the Heart, 2nd ed., California: University of California Press, 1996.
Bellah, Robert Neelly, et al. Habits of the heart: individualism and commitment in American life: updated edition with a new introduction. Univ of California Press, 1996.
Benedict XVI, Address to the diplomatic corps at the Vatican, 7 January 2008, retrieved from http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2008/january/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20080107_diplomatic-corps.html (accessed on 28.3.2021).
Benedict XVI, Encyclical Letter Deus Caritas Est (25 December 2005): AAS 98 (2006), 232-240.
Bujo, Bénézet, “The Awakening of a Systematic and Authentically Africa Thought,” in African Theology, the Contribution of the Pioneers, Vol. 1, Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa, 2003, pp. 107-149.
Bujo, Bénézet, Plea for Change of Models for Marriage, Nairobi: Paulines publications Africa, 2009.
Bujo, Bénézet. The Ethical Dimension of community: The African Model and the Dialogue Between North and South, Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa, 1998.
Catholic Charities Office for Social Justice, “Key Principles of Catholic Social Teaching,” retrieved from www.cctwincities.org/advocacy (accessed on 11.3.2021).
Catholic Dictionary. “Justice,” retrieved from https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/ dictionary/index.cfm?id=34423 (accessed 25.1.2021).
Commission on Revenue Allocation, Functions of County Government, retrieved from https://www.crakenya.org/functions-of-county-government/ (accessed 29.11.2020).
Conference of Latin American Bishops, Evangelization in Latin America’s Present and Future (1979), retrieved from https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/conference-latin-american-bishops-celam (accessed on 9.6.2021).
Council of Major Superiors of Women Religious, The Foundation of Religious Life, retrieved from https://cmswr.org/about/religious-life/ (accessed on 24.2.2021).
County Government of Nyandarua, “County Fiscal Strategy Paper for 2019/2020 and the Medium Term, Actualizing Nyandarua County Social-Economic Transformative Agenda,” retrieved from http://www.nyandarua.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/FINAL-DRAFT-CFSP-2019-FOR-PUBLIC-PARTICIPATION.pdf (accessed 28.11.2020).
Encyclopaedia Britannica, “moiety,” retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/moiety-system (accessed on 22.12.2020).
Ethnicity and Race, retrieved from https://quizlet.com/129376418/chapter-11-ethnicity-and-race-flash-cards/ (accessed on 5.5.2021).
Fagothey, Austin, Right and Reason Ethics in Theory Practice, 2nd ed., North Carolina: TAN Books, 1959.
Francis, 2017 World Day of Peace Message, retrieved from http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/messages/peace/documents/papa-francesco_20161208_messaggio-l-giornata-mondiale-pace-2017.html (accessed on 5.4.2021).
Frank, Sheed, “Theology and Sanity,” retrieved from http://Ignatiusinsight.com, (accessed on 23.2.2021).
Gichure, W. Christine, Basic Concepts in Ethics: With an Outline of Different Methods in Contemporary Moral Philosophy, Nairobi: Focus Books, 1997.
Gyekye, K. Tradition and Modernity: Philosophical Reflections on the African Experience, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Hamamura, Takeshi. Bettache Karim. and Yi Xu (eds.), Individualism and Collectivism, London: Sage Publications Ltd., 2018.
Hamamura, Takeshi. Karim Bettache and Yi Xu (eds.), Individualism and Collectivism, London: Sage Publications Ltd. 2018, pp. 365-382.
Hunt, Anne, What are They Saying About Trinity? New York: Paulist Press, 1998.
Ikenna, L. Umeanolue, Critique against Social Injustice in the Book of Amos: Its Relevance to Development in Nigeria, retrieved from http://dx.doi./org/10.4314/ujah.v19i2.10 (accessed on 1.3.2021).
Imago Dei, retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/theogloss/imago-body.html (accessed on 27.2.2021).
John Paul II. Encyclical Letter Sollicitudo rei Socialis (30 December 1987): AAS 8 (1988), 513-586.
Kenya Conference of Catholic Bishops, The Justice and Peace Commission, retrieved from https://www.kccb.or.ke/home/commission/10-the-catholic-justice-and-peace-commission/ (accessed on 27/1/2020).
KHRC. retrieved from. https://www.khrc.or.ke/mobile-publications/civil-political-rights/10-recurrent-ethnic-violence-and-claims-of-communities-arming-ahead-of-the-2012-general-elections/file.html (accessed 22.12.2020).
Massaro, Thomas, Living Justice: Catholic Social Teaching in Action (ed.), London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.
Mbiti, J. S, African Religions and Philosophies, New York: Anchor Books, 1969.
Menkiti, I. A., “Person and community in African traditional thought,” in African Philosophy: An Introduction, (ed.), R. A. Wright, Lanham: University Press of America, 1984, pp. 171-181.
Merriam Webster Dictionary, “Ethics,” retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethic (accessed on 19.2.2021).
Merton, Thomas, The New Seeds of Contemplation, New York: Abbey of Gethsemani, Inc., 1961.
Moore, T. W. Philosophy of Education: An Introduction, Vol. 14, New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 2010.
Muhavani, Umutesi Agnes, “Ethics and Business: A Proposal for a New Comprehensive Business Model,” in Mainstreaming Ethics in Higher Education: Research Ethics in Administration, Finance, Education, Environment and Law, Obiora F. Ike, Justus Mbae, Chidiebere Onyia (ds.), Vol. 1, no. 4, Geneva: Globethics.net, 2019, pp. 109-132.
Murray, G. Ross, Community Organization, New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1955.
National Geographic, “Wild-life Conservation,” retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/wildlife-conservation/ (Accessed on 15.5.2021).
Njuguna, W. Simon, Philosophy of Utuism, Nairobi: CUEA Press, 2020.
Paul VI, Encyclical Letter Populorum Progressio (26 March, 1967): AAS 59 (1967), 290-291.
Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa, 2004.
Pontifical Council for the Family, Ethical and Pastoral Dimensions of Population Trends, (1994), retrieved from https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/ethical-and-pastoral-dimensions-of-population-trends-2397 (accessed 15.2.2021).
Rawls, John, “Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical,” in Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 14, No. 3, Summer: Princeton University Press, 1985, pp. 223-251.
Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971.
Rwiza, N. Richard, “African Christian Morality: Challenges to Religion in Africa in Light of Vatican II Council,” in Challenges to Religion in Africa in Light of Vatican Council II: Essays in Honour of Charles Nyamiti, Peter Gichure, Frederick Wanjara, Nicholous Segeja (Eds.), Nairobi: CUEA Press, 2020, pp. 83-99.
Rwiza, N. Richard, Formation of Christian Conscience in Modern Africa, Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa, 2001.
Ule Michelle, “History Real Life and Faith,” retrieved from https://www.michelleule.com/ (accessed on 25.2.2021).
UN Cyber School Bus, “Understanding Human Rights,” retrieved from http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/humanrights/about/understanding.asp (accessed on 10.1.2021).
Vatican Council II. Declaration on Christian Education Gravissimum Educationis 28 October 1965: AAS 58 (1966), 713-727.
Vatican Council II. Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation Dei Verbum 8 November 1965: AAS 58 (1966), 817–35
Walton, H. John. Victor, H. Matthews, & Chavalas Mark W. The I.V.P Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament, Downers Grove Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 1997.